Microtissues®

Hepatocyte Spheroids & 3D Liver Models

Liver researchers use the 3D Petri Dish® to self-assemble hepatocyte spheroids — scaffold-free 3D liver models used in drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and liver disease research. Hepatic cells seeded into the non-adhesive agarose micro-mold settle into its recesses and form uniform spheroids through their own cell–cell adhesion, typically within 1–2 days, with no scaffold or animal-derived matrix.

Because each recess forms one spheroid of matched size, arrays of liver microtissues can be dosed and sampled consistently. The peer-reviewed publications below include primary hepatocyte and HepG2 spheroid studies, hepatotoxicity and fibrosis models, and 3D liver co-cultures built with the 3D Petri Dish®.

Getting started: follow the step-by-step protocols for casting, seeding, and harvesting, or browse 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds for 12- and 24-well plates — $575/pack, free worldwide shipping.

44 peer-reviewed publications

Hepatic & Liver

Translating Human Prototype Liver Implant Technology from Academia to Industry for Third-Party Transplant and In Vivo Validation

Cells · 2026 · Szkolnicka, Dagmara, et al

Published in Cells (2026), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Szkolnicka, Dagmara, et al. Translating Hu...

Oncology

A Model of Breast Cancer Micrometastasis in a Three-Dimensional (3D) Liver Spheroid for Testing an Antimetastatic Therapy

BIO-PROTOCOL · 2025 · Nevskaya, Kseniya, et al

Published in BIO-PROTOCOL (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Nevskaya, Kseniya, et al. A Model o...

Neuroscience

Antibody-Free Immunopeptide Nano-Conjugates for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery in Glioblastoma Multiforme

bioRxiv · 2025 · Sharma, Saurabh, et al

Published in bioRxiv (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Sharma, Saurabh, et al. Antibody-Free Im...

Hepatic & Liver

Conjugated Lithocholic Acid Activates Hepatic TGR5 to Promote Lipotoxicity and MASLD‐MASH Transition by Disrupting Carnitine Biosynthesis

Advanced Science · 2025 · Lian, Senlin, et al

Published in Advanced Science (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Lian, Senlin, et al. Conjugated...

Neuroscience

Development of a Sensory Neuron-Integrated Skin Spheroid Model for the Evaluation of Neuropeptide-Based Topical Delivery Systems

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · 2025 · Martin, Bianca Aparecida, et al

Published in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Martin, B...

Hepatic & Liver

Establishing scientific confidence in a two-chamber co-culture system to evaluate androgenic response in the presence of hepatic metabolism

Toxicology Letters · 2025 · van Tongeren, Tessa C.A., et al

Published in Toxicology Letters (2025), this study establishes a two-chamber liver-organ co-culture system in a higher-throughput 96-well format for evaluating toxicity in the pres...

Oncology

Plecstatin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis and invasion through cytolinker plectin

Molecular Oncology · 2025 · Outla, Zuzana, et al

Published in Molecular Oncology (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Outla, Zuzana, et al. Plecsta...

Hepatic & Liver

The safety and efficacy of ultrasound histotripsy and human pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatic spheroid implantation as a potential therapy for treatment of congenital metabolic liver disease: Assessment in an immunocompetent rodent model

Cell Transplantation · 2025 · Rashidi, Hassan, et al

Published in Cell Transplantation (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rashidi, Hassan, et al. The...

Oncology

Thermoresponsive nanoparticles for targeted and controlled delivery of doxorubicin in triple negative breast cancer: a 2D and 3D in vitro evaluation

Drug Delivery and Translational Research · 2025 · Ribeiro, Tiago P., et al

Published in Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Ribeiro...

Hepatic & Liver

3D multi-cell-type liver organoids: A new model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for drug safety assessments

Toxicology in Vitro · 2024 · Bronsard, J., et al

Published in Toxicology in Vitro (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Bronsard, J., et al. 3D mult...

Hepatic & Liver

Chlordecone-induced hepatotoxicity and fibrosis are mediated by the proteasomal degradation of septins. Journal of Hazardous Materials 476 (2024): 135177

Journal of Hazardous Materials · 2024 · Léger, Thibaut, et al

Published in a peer-reviewed journal (2024), this study utilized 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to generate uniform microtissues for investigating 'chlordecone-induced hepatotoxicity a...

Oncology

Delivery of IL2RG mRNA via nanoparticles to enhance CD8+ T cell promotes anti-tumor effects against late-stage triple-negative breast cancer

Cancer Nanotechnology · 2024 · Li, Ying, et al

Published in Cancer Nanotechnology (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Li, Ying, et al. Delivery ...

Hepatic & Liver

Development of a human liver microphysiological coculture system for higher throughput chemical safety assessment

Toxicological Sciences · 2024 · Ip, Blanche C, et al

Published in Toxicological Sciences (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Ip, Blanche C, et al. Dev...

Hepatic & Liver

Engineered 3D liver-tissue model with minispheroids formed by a bioprinting process supported with in situ electrical stimulation

Bioactive Materials · 2024 · Kim, WonJin, et al

Published in Bioactive Materials (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Kim, WonJin, et al. Engineer...

Toxicology & Drug Screening

In Vitro Hepatic Metabolism Input Parameters Support Toxicokinetic Simulations for the Formation of Methoxy Propionic Acid From β‐Isomer Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · 2024 · Werner, Sophie, et al

Published in Pharmacology Research & Perspectives (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Werner, Sop...

Oncology

MAPKAP1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism in fatty liver-enhanced colorectal cancer

Translational Oncology · 2024 · Huang, Bo, et al

Published in Translational Oncology (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Huang, Bo, et al. MAPKAP1...

Hepatic & Liver

Neutrophil-Based Bionic Delivery System Breaks Through the Capillary Barrier of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Inhibits the Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells

Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2024 · Sun, Dan, et al

Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Sun, Dan, et al. Neutrop...

Oncology

Ultrastable Iodinated Oil-Based Pickering Emulsion Enables Locoregional Sustained Codelivery of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Inhibitor and Anticancer Drugs for Tumor Combination Chemotherapy

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · 2024 · Li, Zhihua, et al

Published in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Li, Zhihu...

Hepatic & Liver

Cryopreservation of Liver-Cell Spheroids with Macromolecular Cryoprotectants

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2023 · Bissoyi, Akalabya, et al

Published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2023), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Bissoyi, Akal...

Developmental Biology

Evaluation of dioxin induced transcriptomic responses in a 3D human liver microtissue model

Environmental Research · 2022 · Yan, Lu, et al

Published in Environmental Research (2022), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Yan, Lu, et al. Evaluatio...

Oncology

Oral delivery of camptothecin-loaded multifunctional chitosan-based micelles is effective in reduce colorectal cancer

Journal of Controlled Release · 2022 · Almeida, Andreia, et al

Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2022), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Almeida, Andreia, ...

Developmental Biology

Assessment of fibrotic pathways induced by environmental chemicals using 3D-human liver microtissue model

Environmental Research · 2021 · Yan, Lu, et al

Published in Environmental Research (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Yan, Lu, et al. Assessmen...

Hepatic & Liver

Conjugated secondary 12α-hydroxylated bile acids promote liver fibrogenesis

eBioMedicine · 2021 · Xie, Guoxiang, et al

Published in eBioMedicine (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Xie, Guoxiang, et al. Conjugated se...

Hepatic & Liver

Effect of detergent type on the performance of liver decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks

Journal of Tissue Engineering · 2021 · Jeong, Wonwoo, et al

Published in Journal of Tissue Engineering (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jeong, Wonwoo, et ...

Hepatic & Liver

Mathematical modelling of oxygen gradients in stem cell-derived liver tissue

PLOS ONE · 2021 · Leedale, Joseph A., et al

Published in PLOS ONE (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Leedale, Joseph A., et al. Mathematical...

Stem Cells

Serum-Free Production of Three-Dimensional Hepatospheres from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Methods in Molecular Biology · 2021 · Rashidi, Hassan, et al

Published in Methods in Molecular Biology (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rashidi, Hassan, et...

Developmental Biology

Single Cell Gene Expression Analysis in a 3D Microtissue Liver Model Reveals Cell Type-Specific Responses to Pro-Fibrotic TGF-β1 Stimulation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2021 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al

Published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Mess...

Hepatic & Liver

Exosomal microRNAs Release as a Sensitive Marker for Drug-Induced Liver Injury In Vitro

Applied In Vitro Toxicology · 2020 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al

Published in Applied In Vitro Toxicology (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Messner, Catherine J...

Oncology

IL-6 promotes PD-L1 expression in monocytes and macrophages by decreasing protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · 2020 · Zhang, Wenjie, et al

Published in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Zhang, Wenji...

Oncology

Targeting the Tumor Core: Hypoxia-Responsive Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemotherapy to Pancreatic Tumors

Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2020 · Confeld, Matthew I., et al

Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Confeld, Matthew I., et ...

Hepatic & Liver

Three-dimensional liver models: state of the art and their application for hepatotoxicity evaluation

Critical Reviews in Toxicology · 2020 · Zhang, Xihui, et al

Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Zhang, Xihui, et ...

Developmental Biology

Bile salts regulate CYP7A1 expression and elicit a fibrotic response and abnormal lipid production in 3D liver microtissues

Toxicology in Vitro · 2019 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al

Published in Toxicology in Vitro (2019), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Messner, Catherine Jane, et ...

Developmental Biology

A Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Method with a Micromesh Sheet and Its Application to Hepatic Cells

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods · 2018 · Hori, Takeshi, et al

Published in Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods (2018), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Hori, Takeshi...

Neuroscience

Dysregulated bile acid signaling contributes to the neurological impairment in murine models of acute and chronic liver failure

EBioMedicine · 2018 · Xie, Guoxiang, et al

Published in EBioMedicine (2018), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Xie, Guoxiang, et al. Dysregulated ...

Developmental Biology

A 3D fish liver model for aquatic toxicology: Morphological changes and Cyp1a induction in PLHC-1 microtissues after repeated benzo(a)pyrene exposures

Aquatic Toxicology · 2017 · Rodd, April L., et al

Published in Aquatic Toxicology (2017), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rodd, April L., et al. A 3D f...

Oncology

The long noncoding RNA lnc-EGFR stimulates T-regulatory cells differentiation thus promoting hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion

Nature Communications · 2017 · Jiang, Runqiu, et al

Published in Nature Communications (2017), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jiang, Runqiu, et al. The ...

Stem Cells

Delivery of Human Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids into Lockyballs

PLOS ONE · 2016 · Silva, Karina R., et al

Published in PLOS ONE (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Silva, Karina R., et al. Delivery of Hu...

Hepatic & Liver

Hepatic Spheroids for Long-Term Toxicity Studies

Applied In Vitro Toxicology · 2016 · Jakubek, Lorin M., et al

Published in Applied In Vitro Toxicology (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jakubek, Lorin M., e...

Stem Cells

Regulation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Cell Phenotype by Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Models

Tissue Engineering Part A · 2016 · Toivonen, Sanna, et al

Published in Tissue Engineering Part A (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Toivonen, Sanna, et al...

Oncology

Bioreducible poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)–PLA–PEI-SS triblock copolymer micelles for co-delivery of DNA minicircles and Doxorubicin

Journal of Controlled Release · 2015 · Gaspar, Vítor M., et al

Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Gaspar, Vítor M., ...

Oncology

Chimeric Virus-Like Particles Made Using GAG and M1 Capsid Proteins Providing Dual Drug Delivery and Vaccination Platform

Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2015 · Deo, Vipin K., et al

Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Deo, Vipin K., et al. Ch...

Hepatic & Liver

Coaggregates of Regulatory T Cells and Islet Cells Allow Long-term Graft Survival in Liver Without Immunosuppression

Transplantation · 2015 · Takemoto, Naohiro, et al

Published in Transplantation (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Takemoto, Naohiro, et al. Coaggr...

Cardiovascular

Intracoronary Delivery of Self-Assembling Heart-Derived Microtissues (Cardiospheres) for Prevention of Adverse Remodeling in a Pig Model of Convalescent Myocardial Infarction

Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions · 2015 · Gallet, Romain, et al

Published in Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Gallet...

Hepatic & Liver

A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery

Journal of Controlled Release · 2014 · Vellonen, Kati-Sisko, et al

Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2014), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Vellonen, Kati-Sis...

Frequently asked questions

Which liver cell types have been used in the 3D Petri Dish®?

The studies below include primary hepatocytes, HepG2 and other hepatic lines, and liver co-culture models. Adherent hepatic cell types self-assemble into 3D spheroids through their own cell-cell adhesion.

How is spheroid size controlled for metabolism studies?

Size is set by the number of cells seeded into the seeding chamber — more cells produce larger spheroids — so labs can match spheroid mass to the assay.

Can hepatocyte spheroids be harvested for downstream assays?

Yes — microtissues can be harvested from the gel and have been used for Western blots, RT-PCR, and other endpoint assays. Protocols cover casting, seeding, and harvesting.

More questions? See the full FAQ, learn what a microtissue is, or read the guide to imaging 3D microtissues.