Hepatocyte Spheroids & 3D Liver Models
Liver researchers use the 3D Petri Dish® to self-assemble hepatocyte spheroids — scaffold-free 3D liver models used in drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and liver disease research. Hepatic cells seeded into the non-adhesive agarose micro-mold settle into its recesses and form uniform spheroids through their own cell–cell adhesion, typically within 1–2 days, with no scaffold or animal-derived matrix.
Because each recess forms one spheroid of matched size, arrays of liver microtissues can be dosed and sampled consistently. The peer-reviewed publications below include primary hepatocyte and HepG2 spheroid studies, hepatotoxicity and fibrosis models, and 3D liver co-cultures built with the 3D Petri Dish®.
Getting started: follow the step-by-step protocols for casting, seeding, and harvesting, or browse 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds for 12- and 24-well plates — $575/pack, free worldwide shipping.
44 peer-reviewed publications
Translating Human Prototype Liver Implant Technology from Academia to Industry for Third-Party Transplant and In Vivo Validation
Cells · 2026 · Szkolnicka, Dagmara, et al
Published in Cells (2026), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Szkolnicka, Dagmara, et al. Translating Hu...
OncologyA Model of Breast Cancer Micrometastasis in a Three-Dimensional (3D) Liver Spheroid for Testing an Antimetastatic Therapy
BIO-PROTOCOL · 2025 · Nevskaya, Kseniya, et al
Published in BIO-PROTOCOL (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Nevskaya, Kseniya, et al. A Model o...
NeuroscienceAntibody-Free Immunopeptide Nano-Conjugates for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery in Glioblastoma Multiforme
bioRxiv · 2025 · Sharma, Saurabh, et al
Published in bioRxiv (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Sharma, Saurabh, et al. Antibody-Free Im...
Hepatic & LiverConjugated Lithocholic Acid Activates Hepatic TGR5 to Promote Lipotoxicity and MASLD‐MASH Transition by Disrupting Carnitine Biosynthesis
Advanced Science · 2025 · Lian, Senlin, et al
Published in Advanced Science (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Lian, Senlin, et al. Conjugated...
NeuroscienceDevelopment of a Sensory Neuron-Integrated Skin Spheroid Model for the Evaluation of Neuropeptide-Based Topical Delivery Systems
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · 2025 · Martin, Bianca Aparecida, et al
Published in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Martin, B...
Hepatic & LiverEstablishing scientific confidence in a two-chamber co-culture system to evaluate androgenic response in the presence of hepatic metabolism
Toxicology Letters · 2025 · van Tongeren, Tessa C.A., et al
Published in Toxicology Letters (2025), this study establishes a two-chamber liver-organ co-culture system in a higher-throughput 96-well format for evaluating toxicity in the pres...
OncologyPlecstatin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis and invasion through cytolinker plectin
Molecular Oncology · 2025 · Outla, Zuzana, et al
Published in Molecular Oncology (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Outla, Zuzana, et al. Plecsta...
Hepatic & LiverThe safety and efficacy of ultrasound histotripsy and human pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatic spheroid implantation as a potential therapy for treatment of congenital metabolic liver disease: Assessment in an immunocompetent rodent model
Cell Transplantation · 2025 · Rashidi, Hassan, et al
Published in Cell Transplantation (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rashidi, Hassan, et al. The...
OncologyThermoresponsive nanoparticles for targeted and controlled delivery of doxorubicin in triple negative breast cancer: a 2D and 3D in vitro evaluation
Drug Delivery and Translational Research · 2025 · Ribeiro, Tiago P., et al
Published in Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2025), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Ribeiro...
Hepatic & Liver3D multi-cell-type liver organoids: A new model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for drug safety assessments
Toxicology in Vitro · 2024 · Bronsard, J., et al
Published in Toxicology in Vitro (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Bronsard, J., et al. 3D mult...
Hepatic & LiverChlordecone-induced hepatotoxicity and fibrosis are mediated by the proteasomal degradation of septins. Journal of Hazardous Materials 476 (2024): 135177
Journal of Hazardous Materials · 2024 · Léger, Thibaut, et al
Published in a peer-reviewed journal (2024), this study utilized 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to generate uniform microtissues for investigating 'chlordecone-induced hepatotoxicity a...
OncologyDelivery of IL2RG mRNA via nanoparticles to enhance CD8+ T cell promotes anti-tumor effects against late-stage triple-negative breast cancer
Cancer Nanotechnology · 2024 · Li, Ying, et al
Published in Cancer Nanotechnology (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Li, Ying, et al. Delivery ...
Hepatic & LiverDevelopment of a human liver microphysiological coculture system for higher throughput chemical safety assessment
Toxicological Sciences · 2024 · Ip, Blanche C, et al
Published in Toxicological Sciences (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Ip, Blanche C, et al. Dev...
Hepatic & LiverEngineered 3D liver-tissue model with minispheroids formed by a bioprinting process supported with in situ electrical stimulation
Bioactive Materials · 2024 · Kim, WonJin, et al
Published in Bioactive Materials (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Kim, WonJin, et al. Engineer...
Toxicology & Drug ScreeningIn Vitro Hepatic Metabolism Input Parameters Support Toxicokinetic Simulations for the Formation of Methoxy Propionic Acid From β‐Isomer Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · 2024 · Werner, Sophie, et al
Published in Pharmacology Research & Perspectives (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Werner, Sop...
OncologyMAPKAP1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism in fatty liver-enhanced colorectal cancer
Translational Oncology · 2024 · Huang, Bo, et al
Published in Translational Oncology (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Huang, Bo, et al. MAPKAP1...
Hepatic & LiverNeutrophil-Based Bionic Delivery System Breaks Through the Capillary Barrier of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Inhibits the Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells
Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2024 · Sun, Dan, et al
Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Sun, Dan, et al. Neutrop...
OncologyUltrastable Iodinated Oil-Based Pickering Emulsion Enables Locoregional Sustained Codelivery of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Inhibitor and Anticancer Drugs for Tumor Combination Chemotherapy
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · 2024 · Li, Zhihua, et al
Published in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2024), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Li, Zhihu...
Hepatic & LiverCryopreservation of Liver-Cell Spheroids with Macromolecular Cryoprotectants
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2023 · Bissoyi, Akalabya, et al
Published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2023), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Bissoyi, Akal...
Developmental BiologyEvaluation of dioxin induced transcriptomic responses in a 3D human liver microtissue model
Environmental Research · 2022 · Yan, Lu, et al
Published in Environmental Research (2022), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Yan, Lu, et al. Evaluatio...
OncologyOral delivery of camptothecin-loaded multifunctional chitosan-based micelles is effective in reduce colorectal cancer
Journal of Controlled Release · 2022 · Almeida, Andreia, et al
Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2022), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Almeida, Andreia, ...
Developmental BiologyAssessment of fibrotic pathways induced by environmental chemicals using 3D-human liver microtissue model
Environmental Research · 2021 · Yan, Lu, et al
Published in Environmental Research (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Yan, Lu, et al. Assessmen...
Hepatic & LiverConjugated secondary 12α-hydroxylated bile acids promote liver fibrogenesis
eBioMedicine · 2021 · Xie, Guoxiang, et al
Published in eBioMedicine (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Xie, Guoxiang, et al. Conjugated se...
Hepatic & LiverEffect of detergent type on the performance of liver decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks
Journal of Tissue Engineering · 2021 · Jeong, Wonwoo, et al
Published in Journal of Tissue Engineering (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jeong, Wonwoo, et ...
Hepatic & LiverMathematical modelling of oxygen gradients in stem cell-derived liver tissue
PLOS ONE · 2021 · Leedale, Joseph A., et al
Published in PLOS ONE (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Leedale, Joseph A., et al. Mathematical...
Stem CellsSerum-Free Production of Three-Dimensional Hepatospheres from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Methods in Molecular Biology · 2021 · Rashidi, Hassan, et al
Published in Methods in Molecular Biology (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rashidi, Hassan, et...
Developmental BiologySingle Cell Gene Expression Analysis in a 3D Microtissue Liver Model Reveals Cell Type-Specific Responses to Pro-Fibrotic TGF-β1 Stimulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2021 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al
Published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Mess...
Hepatic & LiverExosomal microRNAs Release as a Sensitive Marker for Drug-Induced Liver Injury In Vitro
Applied In Vitro Toxicology · 2020 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al
Published in Applied In Vitro Toxicology (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Messner, Catherine J...
OncologyIL-6 promotes PD-L1 expression in monocytes and macrophages by decreasing protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · 2020 · Zhang, Wenjie, et al
Published in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Zhang, Wenji...
OncologyTargeting the Tumor Core: Hypoxia-Responsive Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemotherapy to Pancreatic Tumors
Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2020 · Confeld, Matthew I., et al
Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Confeld, Matthew I., et ...
Hepatic & LiverThree-dimensional liver models: state of the art and their application for hepatotoxicity evaluation
Critical Reviews in Toxicology · 2020 · Zhang, Xihui, et al
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology (2020), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Zhang, Xihui, et ...
Developmental BiologyBile salts regulate CYP7A1 expression and elicit a fibrotic response and abnormal lipid production in 3D liver microtissues
Toxicology in Vitro · 2019 · Messner, Catherine Jane, et al
Published in Toxicology in Vitro (2019), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Messner, Catherine Jane, et ...
Developmental BiologyA Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Method with a Micromesh Sheet and Its Application to Hepatic Cells
Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods · 2018 · Hori, Takeshi, et al
Published in Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods (2018), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Hori, Takeshi...
NeuroscienceDysregulated bile acid signaling contributes to the neurological impairment in murine models of acute and chronic liver failure
EBioMedicine · 2018 · Xie, Guoxiang, et al
Published in EBioMedicine (2018), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Xie, Guoxiang, et al. Dysregulated ...
Developmental BiologyA 3D fish liver model for aquatic toxicology: Morphological changes and Cyp1a induction in PLHC-1 microtissues after repeated benzo(a)pyrene exposures
Aquatic Toxicology · 2017 · Rodd, April L., et al
Published in Aquatic Toxicology (2017), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Rodd, April L., et al. A 3D f...
OncologyThe long noncoding RNA lnc-EGFR stimulates T-regulatory cells differentiation thus promoting hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion
Nature Communications · 2017 · Jiang, Runqiu, et al
Published in Nature Communications (2017), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jiang, Runqiu, et al. The ...
Stem CellsDelivery of Human Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids into Lockyballs
PLOS ONE · 2016 · Silva, Karina R., et al
Published in PLOS ONE (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Silva, Karina R., et al. Delivery of Hu...
Hepatic & LiverHepatic Spheroids for Long-Term Toxicity Studies
Applied In Vitro Toxicology · 2016 · Jakubek, Lorin M., et al
Published in Applied In Vitro Toxicology (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Jakubek, Lorin M., e...
Stem CellsRegulation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Cell Phenotype by Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Models
Tissue Engineering Part A · 2016 · Toivonen, Sanna, et al
Published in Tissue Engineering Part A (2016), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Toivonen, Sanna, et al...
OncologyBioreducible poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)–PLA–PEI-SS triblock copolymer micelles for co-delivery of DNA minicircles and Doxorubicin
Journal of Controlled Release · 2015 · Gaspar, Vítor M., et al
Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Gaspar, Vítor M., ...
OncologyChimeric Virus-Like Particles Made Using GAG and M1 Capsid Proteins Providing Dual Drug Delivery and Vaccination Platform
Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2015 · Deo, Vipin K., et al
Published in Molecular Pharmaceutics (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Deo, Vipin K., et al. Ch...
Hepatic & LiverCoaggregates of Regulatory T Cells and Islet Cells Allow Long-term Graft Survival in Liver Without Immunosuppression
Transplantation · 2015 · Takemoto, Naohiro, et al
Published in Transplantation (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Takemoto, Naohiro, et al. Coaggr...
CardiovascularIntracoronary Delivery of Self-Assembling Heart-Derived Microtissues (Cardiospheres) for Prevention of Adverse Remodeling in a Pig Model of Convalescent Myocardial Infarction
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions · 2015 · Gallet, Romain, et al
Published in Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions (2015), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Gallet...
Hepatic & LiverA critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery
Journal of Controlled Release · 2014 · Vellonen, Kati-Sisko, et al
Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2014), this peer-reviewed study used 3D Petri Dish® micro-molds to form scaffold-free 3D microtissues. Full citation: Vellonen, Kati-Sis...
Frequently asked questions
Which liver cell types have been used in the 3D Petri Dish®?
The studies below include primary hepatocytes, HepG2 and other hepatic lines, and liver co-culture models. Adherent hepatic cell types self-assemble into 3D spheroids through their own cell-cell adhesion.
How is spheroid size controlled for metabolism studies?
Size is set by the number of cells seeded into the seeding chamber — more cells produce larger spheroids — so labs can match spheroid mass to the assay.
Can hepatocyte spheroids be harvested for downstream assays?
Yes — microtissues can be harvested from the gel and have been used for Western blots, RT-PCR, and other endpoint assays. Protocols cover casting, seeding, and harvesting.
More questions? See the full FAQ, learn what a microtissue is, or read the guide to imaging 3D microtissues.